Corporate Information
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- The Arusha Manifesto
- Background
- Mandate and purpose
- Vision and mission statements
- 国立公園の役割
- The organization
- Expansion of the National Parks
- Tourism
- Community Conservation Service
- Research programme
THE ARUSHA MANIFESTO
Nearly 50 years ago the first President of Tanzania, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, recognized the integral part wildlife plays in the country. In September 1961 at a symposium on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, he gave a speech that has become known as the Arusha Manifesto:
“The survival of our wildlife is a matter of grave concern to all of us in Africa. These wild creatures amid the wild places they inhabit are not only important as a source of wonder and inspiration but are an integral part of our natural resources and our future livelihood and well being.
In accepting the trusteeship of our wildlife we solemnly declare that we will do everything in our power to make sure that our children’s grand-children will be able to enjoy this rich and precious inheritance.
The conservation of wildlife and wild places calls for specialist knowledge, trained manpower, and money, and we look to other nations to co-operate with us in this important task – the success or failure of which not only affects the continent of Africa but the rest of the world as well.”
Background
Nearly 50 years ago the first President of Tanzania, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, recognized the integral part wildlife plays in the country. In September 1961 at a symposium on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, he gave a speech that has become known as the Arusha Manifesto:
“The survival of our wildlife is a matter of grave concern to all of us in Africa. These wild creatures amid the wild places they inhabit are not only important as a source of wonder and inspiration but are an integral part of our natural resources and our future livelihood and well being.
In accepting the trusteeship of our wildlife we solemnly declare that we will do everything in our power to make sure that our children’s grand-children will be able to enjoy this rich and precious inheritance.
The conservation of wildlife and wild places calls for specialist knowledge, trained manpower, and money, and we look to other nations to co-operate with us in this important task – the success or failure of which not only affects the continent of Africa but the rest of the world as well.”
Mandate & Purpose
The Legal Mandate of Tanzania National Parks is:
To manage and regulate the use of areas designated as National Parks by such means and measures to preserve the country’s heritage, encompassing natural and cultural resources, both tangible and intangible resource values, including the fauna and flora, wildlife habitat, natural processes, wilderness quality and scenery therein and to provide for human benefit and enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for future generations.
The Purpose of Tanzania National Parks is:
To Preserve:
- Areas possessing exceptional value or quality illustrating the natural or cultural resources of Tanzania’s heritage
- Areas with outstanding examples of a particular type of resource
- Water and soil resources critical to maintain ecological integrity and which support the subsistence needs of people outside park boundaries
- Areas that offer superlative opportunities for public benefit, enjoyment or scientific study.
To Ensure:
- National Parks retain a high degree of integrity as a true, accurate and unspoiled example of a resource
- Management Plans for parks are developed by interdisciplinary teams comprised of appropriate professionals with the best available information to achieve a balance between preservation and use that does not adversely impact park resources and values
- A quality visitor experience, rather than emphasizing “mass-tourism” at the expense of park resources and values
- Optimum levels of revenue and benefits accrue to the national economy, the parks and communities without impairing park resources.
Vision & Mission Statements
Vision Statement:
To be the highest globally rated institution in sustainable conservation and provision of exceptional tourism services
Mission Statement:
Our mission is to sustainably conserve and manage park resources and their aesthetic values, for the benefits of present and future generations of mankind, as well as efficiently provide high class tourism products and services.
The Role of the Parks
タンザニア国立公園の第一の役割は保護です。 14の国立公園は、その多くがより広い保護環境システムの中核を成しており、タンザニアの豊かな自然遺産を残し、人口増加による人間社会の利益から守って、その動物相と植物相が繁栄できる安全な温床を提供する役割を担っています。
既存の公園システムは、国際的に認められた生物多様性の砦や世界遺産に指定された地域を保護し、それによって、森林伐採や農業や都市化の影響を受ける地域との均衡を取っています。 2002年にサダニとキツロ両国立公園が指定され、国立公園のネットワークが拡大されて、以前は保護レベルが低かった沿岸および低山帯生息地も含まれるようになりました。
タンザニア国立公園 (TANAPA)は、現在も特定の公園を拡張し、保護地域をつないでいる伝統的な移動路の状態を改善するために、さらに土地を買い取っています。
タンザニアを訪問することによって、みなさんは発展途上国の将来への偉大な投資を支持していることになります。 人口問題の圧力にもかかわらず、タンザニアは42,000平方キロメートル以上を国立公園に捧げました。 他の保護管理地区や海中公園を含めて、タンザニアは国土の3分の1以上を何らかの正式な保護下においていますが、これは世界のより裕福な国よりもはるかに高い割合です。
観光事業
観光事業は、国立公園の保護作業、野生生物研究、そして地元社会の教育と生計を支えるために使われる貴重な収益を提供します。 さらに、観光事業は、保護問題に関する国際的な意識を高め、観光客がいることで違法な密猟活動を阻止する助けになり、結果として、鳥獣を管理する森林警備員の仕事を助けています。
しかしながら、TANAPAは、近視眼的に大衆化した観光事業を促進して利益を獲得したいという誘惑に耐えてきました。地球資源の保護と管理に関して、タンザニアだけでなく世界に対する私たちの責任を理解することによって、私たちは、世界でも一級の環境を意識した観光目的地を創造しつつ、回復不能な損害から環境を守るために、インパクトの低い、持続可能な訪問方法を実施することにコミットしています。
人々の活動は詳しく監視され、そして、すべての開発作業は厳しく規制されています。公園内の建物は目立たないデザインで建設され、ゴミの廃棄は注意深くコントロールされています。動物たちを威圧せず、環境への人間の影響を最小にするために、公園への訪問客と施設は広く分散されています。タンザニアで最も人気のあるセレンゲティ公園でさえ、公園面積のほぼ半分にあたる7,000平方キロメートル以上が道のない荒野のままです。
現地の人々
しかし、この豊富な資源の保護は公園の近隣人々の好意に依存しています。 TANAPAは、保護の報酬を共有し、具体的な利益を配分することによって、地元の地域社会が、公園の将来に所有と既得権の感覚を持てるように努めています。
公園からの収益の一部は、地域社会の開発援助（たとえば学校、健康施設、治水や道路）に用いられます。 村民は、公園訪問客から自分たち自身の財政的収益を得られる文化的な観光旅行プロジェクトを開発するよう奨励されます。多くの地元住民は、ロッジやパック旅行業者によって公園内で雇用されます。特にTANAPAによって、公園から利益や存続を盗むことを企む侵入者の防衛のために雇用されます。
密猟には象牙とサイホーンのための象とサイの商業狩猟だけでなく、蜂蜜収集のような自給活動、不法な釣り、ポットの探索、建設または薪のための伐採、無防備な地域で不足しているようになった伝統的な薬用植物の採集などもあります。 村民が公園での仕事に依存し、コミュニティが公園の存在からの利益を目撃するとき、彼らはより保護された地域を守って、密猟を報告するそうです。
TANAPAは、持続可能な環境管理を教え、植林を援助し、保育園を設立し、文化あるいは野生の保護を促進するために地域社会と協調します。
将来展望
将来は、公園を受け継ぐ人々に依存しています。 TANAPAは、勉強道具と教員養成を学校に提供したり、村でスワヒリ語の保護ビデオを上映するなど、地元の人々の教育をリードしています。 生息地保存の重要性を示すために、学校や地域社会のグループには、これらの公園へのフリーな訪問が提供されます。
研究プロジェクトの支持も、TANAPAの将来への関与の重要な側面です。 タンザニアのチンパンジーは、世界でも最も長時間にわたる研究の対象です。 タンザニアの公園で研究している科学者は、蝶、鳥、カブトムシや植物の今まで発見されていない種を見つけ続けています。 そして、動物の分布や数を監視し、水質をテストし、病気の発生を確認し、外来種の侵入をチェックするために定期的な調査が行われています。
国立公園は、人間の手が無ければ絶滅の危機に直面する動物たちの生命線です。 彼らは、危険にさらされている多くの弱い種に避難を提供し、縮小した生息地を保護し、危機に瀕した種が回復できる保護された聖域を提供します。 みんなの支持で、これらの不可欠な生態系が将来のために保存されます。
The Organization
According to studies by international development organizations, Tanzania National Parks is one of the most efficient and productive bureaucracies in Africa. The personnel structure is streamlined, with a workforce of only 1650 staff operating 15 national parks and 1 additional proposed national park. In its desire to maintain a team of qualified and motivated staff, ample training opportunities are provided, although there has been no comprehensive training programme yet developed. Staff recruiting qualifications are continually being raised to ensure only the highest calibre and best trained people are employed. Promotions within the organization are intended to stimulate quality performance among staff as per the scheme of service.
Expansion of the National Parks
Expansion of existing National Parks and the creation of new National Parks is a continuing process.
• Kilimanjaro and Mount Meru Forest Reserves formerly under the Forestry and Beekeeping Division were successfully gazetted in 2005 and were annexed to Kilimanjaro and Arusha National Parks, respectively.
• Efforts are underway to annex Usangu Game Reserve with Ruaha National Park, making it the largest national park in Tanzania and one of the largest in Africa. The process initiated by the government aims at protecting the Ihefu wetland and the Great Ruaha River with associated catchment areas and biodiversity.
• Saadani and Kitulo National Parks were gazetted in 2005.
• There is potential for Mt Rungwe Forest to be annexed to Kitulo National Park.
• Two more national parks namely, Mkomazi and Saanane, will be added to the national parks system in the near future.
• The Speke Gulf will be annexed to Serengeti National Park.
Tourism
Tanzania National Parks saw more than a doubling of domestic tourist visitors and a growth of 58% of foreign visitors, in the years between 2000 and 2005.
Throughout the Tanzania National Parks system there has been a steady growth in nature-based tourism. Tourist attractions have been diversified to enhance visitor experience. New products include walking safaris, canoeing, and night game drives. Traditional products such as day game drives, ballooning, sport fishing, chimpanzee tracking and mountain climbing have been progressively improved. The number of resident arrivals increased from 98,509 in 2000/01 to 215,717 in 2004/05. Similarly, international arrivals increased from 220,910 in 2000/01 to 348,048 in 2004/05 (see Figure 1 below).
Figure 1: Number of Tourist Arrivals from 2000/01 to 2004/05
Community Conservation Service
Tanzania National Parks has a long-established and well-developed program to share benefits with the communities surrounding the national parks. In the last three years, since the 2003-2004 financial year, more than US$3 million has been contributed to communities adjacent to the parks and to conservation education organizations.
The Community Conservation Service (CCS) is an Outreach Programme (OP) of Tanapa that is extended to surrounding communities with a focus on local people and governments up to the district level.
The CCS started in 1988 as a pilot project under the Neighbours as Partners program, supported by the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), with three villages along the eastern borders of Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro district. The program grew to cover more national parks in early 1991, namely Tarangire, Lake Manyara and Arusha. In 1992, the CCS program was became one of the departments under the then-Directorate of Parks Management and Conservation. Today CCS is a full-fledged department with permanently employed staff at the Tanapa headquarters and in all 14 National Parks
CCS Objectives:
- To improve relations between National Parks and local communities;
- To ensure that the interests of Tanapa with regard to natural resources conservation and community welfare are expressed at all levels;
- To facilitate benefit sharing;
- To assist communities to gain access to information on resources and services that promote sustainable development;
- To strengthen local institutional capacity, including Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in addressing conservation issues;
- To develop professional and collaborative linkages with all community conservation stakeholders and to conduct community conservation education programs.
The CCS Program and SCIP funding
Tanapa’s Support for Community Initiated Projects (SCIP) fund was established in 1992 as part of the strategic planning process. The SCIP fund program works with communities bordering or close to National Parks and stresses support for community initiated projects.
The SCIP fund currently amounts to 7.5% of each park’s operations. In order to access the SCIP fund, communities have to a set of established procedures which include holding community meetings on the projects to be supported, submitting minutes of the community meetings that selected the project, and presenting an application letter outlining the reason for the request, the amount requested, project description, drawings and cost estimates. The district authorities must be involved.
The project needs approval from the Park SCIP committee before it is forwarded to Tanapa headquarters for funding. Prior to project implementation, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) has to be signed between community, park and district authorities.
Generally the Park contributes up to 70% of the project cost and the community contributes the remaining 30%. Where technical expertise is required, depending on the nature of the project, district authorities may be consulted and the service will be provided free of charge.
Conservation education
Conservation education is a vital part of the CCS program. The program includes:
- Park visits are arranged for local community groups, pupils and students;
- Training for communities on project management and accounting and the use of appropriate technology;
- Conservation clubs are established in schools, teachers are trained and conservation films are shown in the communities.
Income Generating Program
In order to fully involve communities in day-to-day decision making in managing and benefiting 
from resources, Tanapa has introduced an Income Generating Program that concentrates its support on individual efforts to alleviate poverty. This program is in line with Tanzania Development Vision-2005 and aims to improve the economic well being of individuals living adjacent to National Parks. The program provides loans to small-scale entrepreneurs and organized groups for projects such as bee-keeping, community conservation banks, poultry and livestock keeping.
SCIP Funding 2000-2007
SCIP funding has been used for the construction of schools, student dormitories, teachers’ facilities, medical dispensaries, health centres, youth centres, training centres, roads, libraries, water projects, the purchase of text books and school furnishings, the support of childrens’ rights, and many other community development projects. If you wish to receive a full list of projects supported please contact Tanapa at info@tanzaniaparks.com.
Since 2000 the following funds have been made available to communities:
YEAR |
TZ shillings |
Approx US$ |
2000-2001 |
270,537,868.- |
$318,280.- |
2001-2002 |
||
2002-2003 |
622,764,045.- |
$655,540.- |
2003-2004 |
805,821,029.- |
$797,840.- |
2004-2005 |
772,852,032.- |
$757,700.- |
2005-2006 |
1,196,669,485.- |
$1,103,000.- |
2006-2007 |
1,530,107,099,. |
$1,390,000.- |
Research Programmes
Pending. Data Available Soon.