Corporate Information
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- The Arusha Manifesto
- Background
- Mandate and purpose
- Vision and mission statements
- 国家公园的作用
- The organization
- Expansion of the National Parks
- Tourism
- Community Conservation Service
- Research programme
THE ARUSHA MANIFESTO
Nearly 50 years ago the first President of Tanzania, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, recognized the integral part wildlife plays in the country. In September 1961 at a symposium on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, he gave a speech that has become known as the Arusha Manifesto:
“The survival of our wildlife is a matter of grave concern to all of us in Africa. These wild creatures amid the wild places they inhabit are not only important as a source of wonder and inspiration but are an integral part of our natural resources and our future livelihood and well being.
In accepting the trusteeship of our wildlife we solemnly declare that we will do everything in our power to make sure that our children’s grand-children will be able to enjoy this rich and precious inheritance.
The conservation of wildlife and wild places calls for specialist knowledge, trained manpower, and money, and we look to other nations to co-operate with us in this important task – the success or failure of which not only affects the continent of Africa but the rest of the world as well.”
Background
Nearly 50 years ago the first President of Tanzania, Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere, recognized the integral part wildlife plays in the country. In September 1961 at a symposium on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, he gave a speech that has become known as the Arusha Manifesto:
“The survival of our wildlife is a matter of grave concern to all of us in Africa. These wild creatures amid the wild places they inhabit are not only important as a source of wonder and inspiration but are an integral part of our natural resources and our future livelihood and well being.
In accepting the trusteeship of our wildlife we solemnly declare that we will do everything in our power to make sure that our children’s grand-children will be able to enjoy this rich and precious inheritance.
The conservation of wildlife and wild places calls for specialist knowledge, trained manpower, and money, and we look to other nations to co-operate with us in this important task – the success or failure of which not only affects the continent of Africa but the rest of the world as well.”
Mandate & Purpose
The Legal Mandate of Tanzania National Parks is:
To manage and regulate the use of areas designated as National Parks by such means and measures to preserve the country’s heritage, encompassing natural and cultural resources, both tangible and intangible resource values, including the fauna and flora, wildlife habitat, natural processes, wilderness quality and scenery therein and to provide for human benefit and enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for future generations.
The Purpose of Tanzania National Parks is:
To Preserve:
- Areas possessing exceptional value or quality illustrating the natural or cultural resources of Tanzania’s heritage
- Areas with outstanding examples of a particular type of resource
- Water and soil resources critical to maintain ecological integrity and which support the subsistence needs of people outside park boundaries
- Areas that offer superlative opportunities for public benefit, enjoyment or scientific study.
To Ensure:
- National Parks retain a high degree of integrity as a true, accurate and unspoiled example of a resource
- Management Plans for parks are developed by interdisciplinary teams comprised of appropriate professionals with the best available information to achieve a balance between preservation and use that does not adversely impact park resources and values
- A quality visitor experience, rather than emphasizing “mass-tourism” at the expense of park resources and values
- Optimum levels of revenue and benefits accrue to the national economy, the parks and communities without impairing park resources.
Vision & Mission Statements
Vision Statement:
To be the highest globally rated institution in sustainable conservation and provision of exceptional tourism services
Mission Statement:
Our mission is to sustainably conserve and manage park resources and their aesthetic values, for the benefits of present and future generations of mankind, as well as efficiently provide high class tourism products and services.
国家公园的作用
坦桑尼亚国家公园的主要作用是生物保护。在广泛的生态保护系统中，14座国家公园占据着核心地位，旨在保护国内丰富的自然遗产，为庞大的动植物群提供繁衍生息的乐土，远离人与自然的利益冲突。
现有的公园体系以丰富的生物多样性和世界遗产而享誉国际，保护着这片净土不再受森林采伐、农业开垦和城市化的威胁。2002年建成的萨达尼国家公园（Saadani NationalPark）和铠杜罗国家公园（Kitulo National Park）将以前受保护程度不高的沿海与山区生物栖息地纳入到保护范围，进一步扩大了这个网络。
坦桑尼亚国家公园协会（TANAPA）正在进一步扩充土地，以拓宽公园的保护范围，提高连接保护区的传统迁徙走廊的地位。
到坦桑尼亚观光，您将为坦国未来的环境保护事业投资贡献一份力量。尽管面临着人口压力，坦桑尼亚依然为国家公园划拨了4.2万平方公里的土地。连同其他保护区和海上公园在内，坦桑尼亚正式的保护区范围占本国领土的三分之一，远高于世界上大多数富裕国家的比例。
旅游业
旅游业为国家公园的保护工作、野生动植物研究和当地人口的教育与生计提供了宝贵的收入，也让国际社会更加关心生物保护问题，而游客的到来还有助于遏制非法的盗猎活动，帮助公园的巡护人员开展管理工作。
TANAPA并不看重旅游业兴起所带来的短期利益，我们深知自己对坦桑尼亚和世界的责任，那就是保护和管理丰富的资源。为此，我们着力开展影响小而可持续发展的旅游产业，在打造一流生态旅游目的地的同时，尽量避免给环境造成难以弥补的损害。
人类活动受到密切监督，所有开发都被严格管理。园区的建筑必须与环境融为一体，污水必须妥善处理。公园的游客和相关设施广泛分布，以免干扰动物的生活，将人类对环境的影响降至最低。即使是坦桑尼亚最受欢迎的塞伦盖提国家公园（Serengeti National Park），在7,000多平方公里的园区内，也有将近一半是荒野地带，没有修建任何道路。
当地社群
保护这片沃土离不开周边居民的支持。通过与当地人分享生物保护的成果，为他们带去切实的利益，TANAPA正努力培养当地社群形成一种与国家公园的未来休戚与共的主人翁意识。
公园拿出部分收入投入到社区的发展之中，如建设学校、诊所、道路和饮水设施等，鼓励村民发展有文化特色的旅游项目，以扩大收入来源。许多原住民都在TANAPA和园区的旅馆、旅游公司工作，他们在打击以牟利为目的或者靠盗猎维生的盗猎分子的工作中发挥了巨大作用。
盗猎活动不仅仅是为获取象牙和犀牛角而对大象与犀牛进行商业猎杀，事实上，还有许多当地人以此维生，如盗采蜂蜜、非法捕捞、滥砍滥伐、采集在未受保护地区已经十分稀少的传统药用植物等等。如果能让村民们在园区找到工作，亲眼目睹公园的存在给社区带来的种种好处，他们就会愿意捍卫保护区的利益，举报盗猎活动。
TANAPA致力传播可持续的环境管理，帮助当地居民种植树木，培育种苗，同时大力推广文化与野生动植物的保护。
前景展望
公园的未来掌握在接班人手中。TANAPA带头教育当地居民，向学校提供教材和教师培训，为村民们播放用斯瓦希里语（Swahili）制作的生物保护影像资料。公园免费向当地学校和社群开放，使他们意识到保护家园的重大意义。
大力支持科研项目，是TANAPA对未来所作的重要承诺。坦桑尼亚的黑猩猩研究项目，是世界上持续时间最长的同类研究活动之一。科研人员在坦桑尼亚国家公园不断发现一个又一个不为人知的物种，包括蝴蝶、鸟类、甲虫和植物等，定期开展调查活动以掌握动物的数量与分布、检测水质、排查疾病以及检查有害物种的入侵。
国家公园是那些因为人类活动而濒临灭绝的动物的生命线，它们保护着大量的濒危物种和日益萎缩的栖息地，这片安全地带令受到生存威胁的物种得以休养生息。有了每个人的支持，这些至关重要的生态系统才能延续下去，惠及子孙后代。
The Organization
According to studies by international development organizations, Tanzania National Parks is one of the most efficient and productive bureaucracies in Africa. The personnel structure is streamlined, with a workforce of only 1650 staff operating 15 national parks and 1 additional proposed national park. In its desire to maintain a team of qualified and motivated staff, ample training opportunities are provided, although there has been no comprehensive training programme yet developed. Staff recruiting qualifications are continually being raised to ensure only the highest calibre and best trained people are employed. Promotions within the organization are intended to stimulate quality performance among staff as per the scheme of service.
Expansion of the National Parks
Expansion of existing National Parks and the creation of new National Parks is a continuing process.
• Kilimanjaro and Mount Meru Forest Reserves formerly under the Forestry and Beekeeping Division were successfully gazetted in 2005 and were annexed to Kilimanjaro and Arusha National Parks, respectively.
• Efforts are underway to annex Usangu Game Reserve with Ruaha National Park, making it the largest national park in Tanzania and one of the largest in Africa. The process initiated by the government aims at protecting the Ihefu wetland and the Great Ruaha River with associated catchment areas and biodiversity.
• Saadani and Kitulo National Parks were gazetted in 2005.
• There is potential for Mt Rungwe Forest to be annexed to Kitulo National Park.
• Two more national parks namely, Mkomazi and Saanane, will be added to the national parks system in the near future.
• The Speke Gulf will be annexed to Serengeti National Park.
Tourism
Tanzania National Parks saw more than a doubling of domestic tourist visitors and a growth of 58% of foreign visitors, in the years between 2000 and 2005.
Throughout the Tanzania National Parks system there has been a steady growth in nature-based tourism. Tourist attractions have been diversified to enhance visitor experience. New products include walking safaris, canoeing, and night game drives. Traditional products such as day game drives, ballooning, sport fishing, chimpanzee tracking and mountain climbing have been progressively improved. The number of resident arrivals increased from 98,509 in 2000/01 to 215,717 in 2004/05. Similarly, international arrivals increased from 220,910 in 2000/01 to 348,048 in 2004/05 (see Figure 1 below).
Figure 1: Number of Tourist Arrivals from 2000/01 to 2004/05
Community Conservation Service
Tanzania National Parks has a long-established and well-developed program to share benefits with the communities surrounding the national parks. In the last three years, since the 2003-2004 financial year, more than US$3 million has been contributed to communities adjacent to the parks and to conservation education organizations.
The Community Conservation Service (CCS) is an Outreach Programme (OP) of Tanapa that is extended to surrounding communities with a focus on local people and governments up to the district level.
The CCS started in 1988 as a pilot project under the Neighbours as Partners program, supported by the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), with three villages along the eastern borders of Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro district. The program grew to cover more national parks in early 1991, namely Tarangire, Lake Manyara and Arusha. In 1992, the CCS program was became one of the departments under the then-Directorate of Parks Management and Conservation. Today CCS is a full-fledged department with permanently employed staff at the Tanapa headquarters and in all 14 National Parks
CCS Objectives:
- To improve relations between National Parks and local communities;
- To ensure that the interests of Tanapa with regard to natural resources conservation and community welfare are expressed at all levels;
- To facilitate benefit sharing;
- To assist communities to gain access to information on resources and services that promote sustainable development;
- To strengthen local institutional capacity, including Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in addressing conservation issues;
- To develop professional and collaborative linkages with all community conservation stakeholders and to conduct community conservation education programs.
The CCS Program and SCIP funding
Tanapa’s Support for Community Initiated Projects (SCIP) fund was established in 1992 as part of the strategic planning process. The SCIP fund program works with communities bordering or close to National Parks and stresses support for community initiated projects.
The SCIP fund currently amounts to 7.5% of each park’s operations. In order to access the SCIP fund, communities have to a set of established procedures which include holding community meetings on the projects to be supported, submitting minutes of the community meetings that selected the project, and presenting an application letter outlining the reason for the request, the amount requested, project description, drawings and cost estimates. The district authorities must be involved.
The project needs approval from the Park SCIP committee before it is forwarded to Tanapa headquarters for funding. Prior to project implementation, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) has to be signed between community, park and district authorities.
Generally the Park contributes up to 70% of the project cost and the community contributes the remaining 30%. Where technical expertise is required, depending on the nature of the project, district authorities may be consulted and the service will be provided free of charge.
Conservation education
Conservation education is a vital part of the CCS program. The program includes:
- Park visits are arranged for local community groups, pupils and students;
- Training for communities on project management and accounting and the use of appropriate technology;
- Conservation clubs are established in schools, teachers are trained and conservation films are shown in the communities.
Income Generating Program
In order to fully involve communities in day-to-day decision making in managing and benefiting 
from resources, Tanapa has introduced an Income Generating Program that concentrates its support on individual efforts to alleviate poverty. This program is in line with Tanzania Development Vision-2005 and aims to improve the economic well being of individuals living adjacent to National Parks. The program provides loans to small-scale entrepreneurs and organized groups for projects such as bee-keeping, community conservation banks, poultry and livestock keeping.
SCIP Funding 2000-2007
SCIP funding has been used for the construction of schools, student dormitories, teachers’ facilities, medical dispensaries, health centres, youth centres, training centres, roads, libraries, water projects, the purchase of text books and school furnishings, the support of childrens’ rights, and many other community development projects. If you wish to receive a full list of projects supported please contact Tanapa at info@tanzaniaparks.com.
Since 2000 the following funds have been made available to communities:
YEAR |
TZ shillings |
Approx US$ |
2000-2001 |
270,537,868.- |
$318,280.- |
2001-2002 |
||
2002-2003 |
622,764,045.- |
$655,540.- |
2003-2004 |
805,821,029.- |
$797,840.- |
2004-2005 |
772,852,032.- |
$757,700.- |
2005-2006 |
1,196,669,485.- |
$1,103,000.- |
2006-2007 |
1,530,107,099,. |
$1,390,000.- |
Research Programmes
Pending. Data Available Soon.